Africa's Failing Education

Africa’s Failing Education

Do you remember at what age you learned to read? Reading is a basic skill needed in order to survive, and yet its absence appears to be ubiquitous in Africa where 61 out of 128 million kids are estimated to reach their adolescent years without being able to read (Watkins). And so it begs the question, why are African children not being educated?

Several millions of these children will be unable to read due to a lack of access to education and a late start in school, but even more surprising is that half of them will have already spent at least four years in school. With the importance of such a skill as basic and necessary as reading, this means that for four years in school, the students learn next to nothing. At the same time, with the strong appearance of rural poverty, many of these kids live in rural communities and are effected the most because rural schools have less qualified teachers and never enough of them in proportion to the kids attending (Agbor).

One of the main reasons for Africa’s education crisis is the lack of access to schools. From the 128 million children, about 33 million who are of primary age are not attending school (Fleet, Watkins, Greubel). Furthermore, 17 million will never attend school at all during their lifetime (Fleet). This is largely due to the ongoing poverty cycle in Africa. Impoverished parents have a difficult time supporting their families. In order to help, children often find jobs of their own and as a result cannot spend time at school. When these children mature into adults, life will become increasingly difficult because they never went to school. With low incomes, these adults will be unable to support their children, restarting the cycle. This vicious cycle keeps generations of families away from school and below the poverty line.

Although access is important, what may be even more crucial is that those who are lucky enough to be in school hardly learn any more than those who don’t attend school. According to data from regional assessments show that only 28% of Tanzanian 6th graders are reading at their proper grade level, 19% in Kenya, and less than even 10% in Uganda (Mwabu, Ackerman). Once again, this problem stems from financial issues. Schools are missing both books and qualified teachers. In the town of Bodinga more than 50 students are stuffed into a single room, where only a few will be lucky enough to have textbooks. If they are even luckier, a teacher will be present, and they will receive long periods of reading off papers that promote rote learning (Watkins). Schools are unequipped to handle the educational needs of their students because of their lack of funding, making them unable to acquire basic resources such as books and qualified teachers.

While there are several large issues that plague Africa today, one of the largest is education. Many solutions are proposed, but what is necessary overall is for governments to implement policies aimed at reducing poverty levels and funding schools. These policies should reinforce the infrastructure of rural areas in Africa in order to increase the children’s access to school (Agbor), and should spend money purchasing books and hiring effective teachers in order to make sure that the students who gain access to school attend for a noteworthy reason. With half of the continent’s child population not attending or wasting their time in school,  Africa’s lack of education halts the continent’s progress as a whole, preventing the urbanization that Africa requires in order to industrialize and grow economically.

Works Cited:

Agbor, Julius. "Poverty, Inequality and Africa's Education Crisis." The Brookings Institution. N.p., 26 Sept. 2012. Web. 16 Mar. 2016.

Mwabu, Germano, and Xanthe Ackerman. "Focusing on Quality Education in Sub-Saharan Africa." The Brookings Institution. N.p., 28 May 2013.

Watkins, Kevin. "Too Little Access, Not Enough Learning: Africa's Twin Deficit in Education." The Brookings Institution. N.p., 16 Jan. 2013. Web. 16 Mar. 2016.

Van Fleet, Justin W. "Africa's Education Crisis: In School But Not Learning."The Brookings Institution. N.p., 17 Sept. 2012. Web. 16 Mar. 2016.

Van Fleet, Justin W., Kevin Watkins, and Lauren Greubel. "Africa Learning Barometer." The Brookings Institution. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2016.

The Linger of White Supremacy

Put yourself in the shoes of a colored South African girl or boy, living through the post-apartheid period, and on top of that, being the only black student in a classroom full of white students. You would most likely feel misplaced or alien-like. South Africans have been feeling this way for a number of centuries and still today. Ever since the arrival of Europeans in South Africa during the year of 1487, it lead to the commencement of white dominance over the black community. Over the course of the years, the white race began to take into complete control by implementing segregation policies forever changing Africa which has lead to a number of predicaments for the black community in South Africa still prevalent today. The apartheid era was a time in South Africa’s history when colored Africans faced the biggest struggles, which was put to an end with the heroic actions of Nelson Mandela, but looking at present, is it really at an end?

Ever since the arrival of Europeans in South Africa during the late 1400’s, it has brought a huge amount of despair and hopelessness to the black community forever changing the African culture. Because of Africa’s developing government system, it facilitated the Europeans to get ahold of cheap labor which motivated a number of laws to be implemented based white race dominating the black race (Segregation, Racial, Africa).  With the discovery of gold and other mineral it caused the industrialization process rocket of the charts which greatly depended on low paid black labor. Low-payment jobs are one of the main factors that revolves around segregated system in South Africa since the high paying jobs are offered to people of white colored skin, while low paying jobs were reserved for colored skin South Africans.

Several years later, the apartheid era was introduced to South Africa, as it is also known as the “separate development.” The apartheid era was a policy which recognized segregation and racial discrimination which was applied on South Africa after the Afrikaner-led National Party was elected, but it is commonly known as the period of time when white supremacy was the only answer to the fear of African rebellion and rule. (Apartheid) The separation between black and white communities was to ensure and maintain the power of the white population. Like the United States, it was a long process to accept the equality between black and white people, but this was due to the white people being frightened  that there could be a chance of the black race overruling the white community since there were more of them.  Even though the apartheid period was put to an end about twenty years ago, there are still remnants of the era still heavily affecting South Africa today. In an article written by Robert Jensen, he writes, “Apartheid is dead in South Africa, but a new version of white supremacy lives on (Jesen).” This means that the ending of apartheid rule did not necessarily mean the end to racism, segregation, or discrimination, but a start to a new era. This new era involved the first black South African president, a democratic elective system, and a new start to South African culture.

Segregation in South Africa has been a lingering issue ever since the 14th century and affecting many lives today. This is a serious topic in which not only South Africa has faced, but as well as the United States, but both countries manage to overcome it in an extensive period of time. Writer Greg Myre, still acknowledges the fact that South Africa has progressed since the apartheid era with the growth of prosperous cities and millions of black South Africans educations have flourished (Myre).

Annotated Bibliography:

"In South Africa, Apartheid Is Dead, But White Supremacy Lingers On."Www.counterpunch.org. 08 June 2009. Web. 08 Mar. 2016.

Nesbitt, Francis. "Apartheid." Encyclopedia of Race and Racism. Ed. Patrick Mason. 2nd ed.  Vol. 1. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2013. 153-161. Global Issues In Context. Web. 7 Mar. 2016.

"Original Text." Apartheid (1948-1994). Web. 07 Mar. 2016.”

"Why South Africa Is Still Dealing With Segregation and Poverty."

Zukas, Lorna. "Segregation, Racial, Africa." Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. Ed. Thomas Benjamin. Vol. 3. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 1001-1002. Global Issues In Context. Web. 7 Mar. 2016.

"20 Years After Apartheid, South Africa Asks, 'How Are We Doing?'" NPR. NPR. Web. 09 Mar. 2016.

South African law, an expensive luxury

In 2004, Schabir Shaik, a businessman, was put on trial for bribing the South African President Jacob Zuma, accused of corruption and fraud. Shaik was sentenced to 15 years of jail (Politics). Two years later however, Shaik was released, allegedly “terminally ill.” Since then, he has been photographed playing golf and was accused of assaulting a man outside a mosque. He still lives today, even though according to the Guardian, the medical parole board said he was suffering from “irreversible kidney failure, a stroke, diabetes, heart and eye disease, and motor function impairment” (Malala).

In contrast, Xolile Mngeni, convicted of kidnapping and killing a tourist, died from brain tumour in prison in 2010, denied medical parole despite worsening health conditions (Malala). Shaik and Mngeni live in two different legal realities, one for the rich elite, and one for the indigent criminals.

“In South Africa, the law is for the rich and connected,” an anonymous man said to the Guardian. “[The rich] won’t even go to jail. If you are rich or powerful, you are fine in South Africa.”

In the face of fraud and bribery, South Africa has experienced an 83 percent decrease in corruption convictions in the last five years – 14,793 arrests were made in the 2010/11 fiscal year, while only 5,847 were made in the 2014/15 fiscal year (Mbhele). Yet according to Shadow Minister of Police Zakhele Mbhele, South Africa loses over R30 billion, or approximately 2 billion dollars, a year due to government corruption, a number that has climbed despite the decreasing conviction rate (Mbhele).

The issue stems from a corrupt judicial system that is not independent from the executive, according to Mbhele, ever since the replacement of the Scorpions judicial corruption-busting unit with the Hawks in 2009. The Scorpions had operated as an independent, prosecutions-led unit under the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA), while the Hawks are placed under the South African Police Service, controlled by the executive. In fact, Mbhele says that Zuma had faced almost 700 counts of fraud, corruption, money laundering, and racketeering, which had led him to disband the Scorpions (Mbhele).

“With the country losing approximately R30 billion, and climbing, each year to corruption, it is completely inexplicable as it is unacceptable that convictions in corruption have plummeted,” Mbhele wrote. “It is crystal clear that President Zuma and the ANC in government are not interested in the war against corruption but are rather the biggest proponents of corrupt activity.”

According to Herbert Igbanugo, founding shareholder of the Igbanugo Partners International Law Firm, executive control over judicial bodies such as the Hawks inhibits judicial independence, which allows corruption and fraud to perpetuate (Igbanugo).

“A major factor inhibiting judicial independence is the control of the executive branch over elements such as the appointment, promotion, and remuneration of judicial officers and the judicial budget,” Igbanugo wrote. “Efforts to promote judicial independence are essential to the control of corruption and the promotion of economic development.”

Independent institutions like the previous Scorpions unit are necessary in a judicial system that continues to indicate that only wealth gives access to justice, and in a government that loses billions of dollars to corruption every year (Mbhele). For rich citizens such as Schabir Shaik, the lack of independent prosecution creates a judicial system and government that is easy to exploit.

“[Shaik] been treated differently because he has money,” Clare Ballard from Lawyers for Human Rights told Al Jazeera (Dziewanski). "There are guys in [prison] who were sentenced to life 15-16 years ago who became eligible for parole after 13 years. That's years and years after the [potential] date of release."

Works Cited

Dziewanski, Dariusz. "The Price of Justice in South Africa." Al Jazeera English. Al Jazeera, 8 Sept. 2015. Web. 07 Mar. 2016.

Igbanugo, Herbert A. "The Rule of Law, Judicial Corruption, and the Need for Drastic Judicial Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa's Nation." International Law News 42.3 (2013). American Bar Association. American Bar Association, Summer 2013. Web. 04 Mar. 2016.

Malala, Justice. "High-profile Criminal Cases Expose Inequality in South Africa's Justice System." The Guardian. The Guardian, 04 Nov. 2014. Web. 07 Mar. 2016.

Mbhele, Zakhele. "Hawks' 83 Percent Plummet in Convictions Necessitates Return of the Scorpions." Africa News Service. Gale Global Issues in Context, 29 Oct. 2015. Web. 8 Mar. 2016.

"Politics versus the Law; South Africa." The Economist. Gale Global Issues in Context, 4 Apr. 2009. Web. 8 Mar. 2016.

The Truth Behind Poverty Porn

The Truth Behind Poverty Porn

In the midst of watching your favorite Monday night TV show, a commercial catches your attention. You see a little boy, clearly from Africa, with wide eyes staring straight into the camera and then right at you. The montage of poverty continues until a phone number flashes on the screen. It screams, “call this number and donate now!” This is poverty porn. According to a CNN article written by Nathalie Dortonne, “poverty porn is a tactic used by nonprofits and charity organizations to gain empathy and contributions from donors by showing exploitative imagery of people living in destitute conditions.” Although Western audiences have come to realize that poverty porn is a major issue due to the false representation of African people, those who experience poverty accept the need to exploit the poor in order to receive support.

While non-governmental organizations (NGOs) seek charity through the use of poverty porn, Northern American audiences recognize the issues with such means of media and the existing stereotypes of poverty in Africa. Journalists such as CNN’s Dortonne and ONE’s Emily Roenigk write about the damaging effects of poverty porn. Poverty porn, whether it is through pictures, videos, or writing, continues to fuel the idea that Africa is nothing more than a poverty-infested continent. While misrepresenting the African people and their cultures, such mediums of media exploit the poverty-stricken. (CNN) Known as “poverty pimps,” photographers employed by charities or NGOs disregard the emotional state of their subjects and fail to ask for consent. The controversial issues of the process in which photographers take in order to capture the poor are brought to light by Western perspectives while also arguing that the necessary alternative to poverty porn is through offering more opportunities to change one’s lifestyle instead of through charity. (ONE)

Although there are many concerns towards the way Africa is being represented by media to the rest of the world, many of destitute Africans have understood to accept poverty porn in exchange for any means of support. (Leah Chung) A poor man named John from the Kikaramjoa slums of Uganda said, “We are in a bad state so we would need their support. To me I don’t mind how we are presented as long as we are supported.” Poverty porn is endured by many of the poverty-stricken, especially the adults. It is understood that poverty porn is a business that is deemed necessary when food and supplies are given to the impoverished. Poverty porn works, and through series of tests, viewers are much more likely to donate when shown an advertisement of suffering children.

Africa is is the second most populated continent in the world where 1.1 billion people live throughout 54 different countries. Due to media and stereotypes passed down through every generation, Africa is known only for its high poverty rates and poor living conditions. Charities and NGOs that attempt to help the poor take the exploitative path of poverty porn in which is only tolerated because of the success it has in giving financial and material support to the poor.

Works Cited:

Dortonne, Nathalie "Poverty Porn Is Dangerous." CNN. Cable News Network. Web. 07 Mar. 2016.

Koutonin, Mawuna "Africa Top 10 Problems: Not the Ones You Were Thinking About!." SiliconAfrica. 09

Mar. 2013. Web. 10 Mar. 2016.

Matt "What Is 'poverty Porn' and Why Does It Matter for Development?" Aid Thoughts. 01 July 2009. Web. 08

Mar. 2016.

Nelson, Katie G., "Op-ed: Is NatGeo's New #EndPoverty Contest Just More Poverty Porn?" Humanosphere. 24

July 2015. Web. 08 Mar. 2016.

Pather, Raeesa "Poverty Porn and the Problem With CEOs Playing Homeless [opinion]." Africa News Service 6

May 2015. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 8 Mar. 2016.

Roengik, Emily "5 Reasons Poverty Porn Empowers the Wrong Person." ONE. 09 Apr. 2014. Web. 04 Mar.

2016.

Youth Unemployment

Caroline Schachter

Ms. Bennett

World Lit Honors 2nd Period

15 March 2016

Youth Unemployment

“For 30 years, 45 percent of most African countries' population has been below age 15. So, a constantly rising number entering the labor force ages is one of Africa's biggest challenges.” Currently in Africa, almost one in three people (about 297 million), are between the ages of 10 and 24. This means that more than half of the population is from the most current generation. The youth generation is increasingly becoming more skilled, and are also more likely than other age groups to move from rural to urban areas. This means that jobs in Africa are becoming more and more in demand. Youth unemployment is not only happening in Africa. In fact, it is a global issue that is causing thousands of people to live in poverty, but what is causing it?

Although the new generation is becoming better educated than older ones, this is not always a beneficial to the economy. “Estimates show that the proportion of 20-to-24-year-olds who complete secondary education will increase from 42 percent to 59 percent over the next 20 years” (reducing). Consequently, because of this increase in education in the workforce, the potential for economic growth and development in overwhelming, and many countries are not taking this opportunity for granted. The increasing amount of educated youth individuals entering the workforce is creating more potential for better, skill required jobs, that simply do not exist. This problem does not only affect the unemployment rate, but also, “causes young people to settle for less-than-ideal employment, such as jobs that are low-paying, temporary, or unsafe, or ones for which they are overqualified” (Growing).

Sub-Saharan Africa has the one of the fastest population growths projected within 40 years, and the highest youth population in the world. Because of this rapid population growth, there is a surplus of qualified, skilled, workers in Africa. “Estimates show that the proportion of 20-to-24-year-olds who complete secondary education will increase from 42 percent to 59 percent over the next 20 years” (Reducing). This means that the issue of not having enough jobs for the current youth generation will continue to be a problem because the population is still rapidly growing, and will only continue to get larger.

Africa is one of the largest continents in the world, and compared to many other countries, the unemployment rate is not unusually high, but because of it’s immense size, there are still millions of people unemployed. A majority of these people are part of the youth generation, one of the most important parts of our society. Unemployment isn’t the only issue, but also underemployment. It is time for Africa to step up to its rapidly growing population of skilled, trained, future workers.

Works Cited:

"Growing Their Own Jobs? Agriculture, Unemployment and the Threat of a 'Lost Generation' of Rural Africans [guest column]." Africa News Service 23 Nov. 2012. Global Issues In Context. Web. 4 Mar.

"Reducing Youth Unemployment in Sub-Saharan Africa." Reducing Youth Unemployment in Sub-Saharan Africa. Web. 04 Mar. 2016.

Terrorism with no Heroism

Syyah Brown

Period 2

WLH

                                                      Terrorism With no Heroism      

Imagine waking up in the morning to the sound of gunshots, and the cries of your neighbors who are being raided by Somali terrorists right across the dirt path from your hut. Everyday a starving kid in Somalia witnesses this. After the civil war in Somalia that lasted for two years from 1988 to 1990, the Somali government found itself in an economic crisis. Even after the war had settled, it had left many battle scars for the country, which was eventually torn into pieces. Somalia faced many following hardships such as poverty, debt, and famine. After the war, the remaining militants formed Al-Shabaab, a group of twenty young men that rebelled against the government and resorted to anarchy. Eventually the group gradually increased in numbers as it gained more support from middle eastern terrorist influences.

Initially formed to unify and protect the country of Somalia, the group eventually began to destroy the country due to different religious ideologies. “Middle Eastern-educated Somali extremists, were partly funded and armed by al-Qaeda chief Osama bin Laden. In fact all of the Al-Shabaab commanders originally fought it the war in the Afghanistan war after being pushed out of Somalia by Ethiopia.  The U.S. State Department designated the group a terrorist organization in the days after the 9/11 attacks” (Cfr.org).  Most of the terrorist organizations in Somalia get their extremist ideology from their influential middle eastern extremists. Most of their weapons and training are already implemented into their curriculum due to their extensive amounts of military training. When trying to invade towns and cities, Somali extremists look to Al-Qaeda for support.

With all of Somalia being Muslim, and waning on government security for the civilians, there is more leeway for the foreign middle eastern invaders to take advantage of the vulnerable state of the country, making it a prime location to implement terrorist recruitment and development. Not to mention, the cause of political upheaval after the civil war between Ethiopia and Somalia, caused economic instability and the weakening of their military (Siad Barre's military regime). This leads to the next issue: Somalia is too helpless and weak when faced with these terrorist attacks. Now one may be thinking, what has the government done to stop this? Well, the main reason why this country has been an all out battlefield already, is due to how impoverished and corrupt the government is. Government funding funnels into little if not nothing into military sectors. “Transparency International, a U.K.-based research organization that tracks corruption and perceptions of corruption worldwide, gave every single African country surveyed (47 out of 54) a failing or near-failing grade when it comes to preventing graft in their defense sectors” (Time).

To make matters worse, the government is prone to accepting bribes since it has fallen into serious debt from being too internally corrupt. In fact, terrorist organizations are known to be better equipped and heavily funded by underground black marketing of illegal American weapon sales for terrorists activity (Al Jazeera). This caused a collaborative effort of the African union to come together and form a non-profitable defense military that is still developing. But due to the organization being underfunded they are still weak and no match for the terrorists, who are continuing to get stronger as they continue to recruit new members everyday.  With all of this being said, it is clear that Somalia is desperate need for an intervention when it comes to military defense. With the government kissing at the feet of the much more, powerful enemy.

     

Works Cited

 "African Standby Force Starts First Military Exercises - BBC News." BBC News. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Mar. 2016.”  South African Military in start to take things to the next level with combative training. The African union asks for donation of 1million dollars in order to make the combative group fully functional. After 15 years of the African Union being formed, it still faces challenges such as finances and incoordination of the tenants. The Author also states that the Union was created in order for the African government to provide security that is accessible, can be able to fight well enough to defend all the African countries from external and internal enemy attacks. They did this also so they don’t have to ask for aid from other countries. This source isn’t biased because there is no opposing argument or point of view that is written in the context of this article. This is simple an informative piece telling the reader on what Africa is doing to protect its civilians from impending threats.

"Al-Shabab Attacks African Union Base in Somalia." - Al Jazeera English. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Mar. 2016. Terrorist group Al-Shabaab. In the newspaper, Al-Jazeera  the author talks about the attack of an African union military base near the border of Kenya. He explains and interviews the eye-witnesses/military workers that saw the attack in the midst of it happening. The attack came in numerous assaults using different sources of fire power to take out different parts of the base. Al-Jazeera also talks about how the military of the AU’s attempts to fight back, but unlucky enough find out they are outnumbered. This source is reliable because it comes from a Somali newspaper that seems to have pretty trustworthy journalists and photographers who record everything with specific pictures and quotes that they take from people of that specific event. It is an informative article, and not biased because it’s a journalism piece about a current event, and has no argument on the motives on either side of the conflict

The Circle of Corruption

The Circle of Corruption

In 2012, South African police were called in to address a strike at the Marikana mountain, where protesting miners were camped outside. However, once they arrived, police opened fire and killed 34 of the miners (Human Rights Watch 1). The police of South Africa have been technically completing their assignments, but have been wielding a surplus of force and a lack of humanity. Between the continual use of rubber bullets and tear gas, along with the torture and rape which occurs in police custody, the South African police force has been a growing issue since the end of apartheid laws (Morrison 1). The central issue roots around the government’s ignorance of social issues, both regarding the corruption of the police and neglect of social and economical reforms.

The South African government is known for its corruption and the police are not exempt from this problem. The leadership of the police force ignore maltreatment of criminals and are even known to encourage it. In November of 1998, the members of the North East Rand Dog Unit set their dogs upon 3 illegal immigrants while brutally beating and verbally abusing them during what was deemed a “training exercise” (Bruce 11-2). This incident was caught on tape, yet all of the abusers were let off on bail. In 2013, 8 police officers tied citizen Mido Macia to the back of their truck by his arms, then dragged him along a tarmac road. He later died in police custody due to excessive trauma from that incident. It was only this year that 2 of the police officers were sentenced to 15 years of prison. The members of the police force have been offered poor training due to a lack of government involvement. Furthermore, commanders are unaffected when large spectacles of torture occur. In fact, “according to David Bruce, senior researcher at the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, ‘It is clear that police management does not know what is going on. There is a clear absence of understanding from police leadership on how to deal with the use of force’” (Hoesken 1). Furthermore, in Bruce’s article on police brutality, he writes, “major exposure to violent crime and high levels of fear contribute to desensitising and dehumanising members of the police service.”

The corruption of the police force is not solely due to a lack of training. South Africa has high rates of violence as well as high unemployment rates, leaving 12 million citizens unemployed. The government’s failure to answer to the economic, political and social issues has led to an increase of riots. There is a lack of adequate housing, issues between students and university staff, and problems between workers and employers regarding wages. Recently, a student riot against a decision of a university to remove a student run council became violent when police became involved. They used both rubber and metal bullets along with tear gas to quell it, but students began setting buildings on fire as a form of rebellion (Brandlin 1). According to a recent publication by the Socioeconomic Rights Institute, “the recent wave of protests has resulted in the police playing a significant role in managing community dissatisfaction and frustration” (Jadoo 2).

The South African Police Force has had a long record of reported incidents which must be resolved. This is due to poor governmental training, along with a substanital rise in crimes and riots. Currently, the United Nations Committee on Human Rights is gearing up to investigate these reports and the numerous accounts of torture and maltreatment by police officers throughout South Africa. In the near future, the issues dealing with humanity and maltreatment in South Africa will be adressed, and hopefully, solved.

Works Cited

Brandlin, Anne-Sophie. "South Africa: Student Protests End in Violence and Flames." AllAfrica.com.

25 Feb. 2016. Web. 07 Mar. 2016.

Bruce, David. "Police Brutality in South Africa." Police Brutality in South Africa. 2000. Web. 07

Mar. 2016.

Hosken, Graeme. "Why SA Cops Are so Brutal." Why SA Cops Are so Brutal. CSVR. Web. 07 Mar.

2016.

Jadoo, Yadhana. "UN to Probe Police Brutality in SA." The Citizen. 4 Mar. 2016. Web. 07 Mar.

2016.

Morrison, Aaron. "Police Brutality On Rise In South Africa: Officers Accused Of Killing, Raping

Citizens." International Business Times. 01 Oct. 2015. Web. 07 Mar. 2016.

"World Report 2016: South Africa." Human Rights Watch. 06 Jan. 2016. Web. 07 Mar. 2016.